Sunday, December 29, 2019

Annapolis Acceptance Rate, SAT/ACT Scores, GPA

The United States Naval Academy is a federal service academy with an acceptance rate of 8.5%. The U.S. Naval Academy at Annapolis is highly selective, and the application process is different from many other schools. Applicants must meet eligibility requirements including U.S. citizenship, age, and marital status. Students who meet eligibility requirements can submit a preliminary application which will determine if they are competitive to become an Official Candidate for admission. Applicants must also receive a nomination from a senator, member of Congress, current naval officer, or veteran. Other components to the Annapolis application include a medical exam, a fitness assessment, and a personal interview. Considering applying to the U.S. Naval Academy? Here are the admissions statistics you should know, including average SAT/ACT scores and GPAs of admitted students. Why the United States Naval Academy? Location: Annapolis, MarylandCampus Features: The Annapolis campus is an active naval base with a waterfront location on the Severn River.Student/Faculty Ratio: 8:1Athletics: The Navy Midshipmen compete in the NCAA Division I American Athletic Conference and Patriot League.Highlights: Annapolis is one of the most selective colleges in the country, and all costs are covered because of the five-year active duty obligation upon graduation. The school ranks among the top Maryland colleges and top Middle Atlantic colleges. Acceptance Rate During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, the U.S. Naval Academy had an acceptance rate of 8.5%. This means that for every 100 students who applied, 8 students were admitted, making Navys admissions process highly competitive. Admissions Statistics (2017-18) Number of Applicants 16,086 Percent Admitted 8.5% Percent Admitted Who Enrolled (Yield) 88% SAT Scores and Requirements The United States Naval Academy requires that all applicants submit either SAT or ACT scores. During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, 58% of admitted students submitted SAT scores. SAT Range (Admitted Students) Section 25th Percentile 75th Percentile ERW 620 760 Math 620 760 ERW=Evidence-Based Reading and Writing This admissions data tells us that most of Annapolis admitted students fall within the top 20% nationally on the SAT. For the evidence-based reading and writing section, 50% of students admitted to Annapolis scored between 620 and 760, while 25% scored below 620 and 25% scored above 760. On the math section, 50% of admitted students scored between 620 and 760, while 25% scored below 620 and 25% scored above 760. Applicants with a composite SAT score of 1520 or higher will have particularly competitive chances at the U.S. Naval Academy. Requirements Annapolis does not require the SAT writing section or SAT Subject tests. Note that the U.S. Naval Academy participates in the scorechoice program, which means that the admissions office will consider your highest score from each individual section across all SAT test dates. ACT Scores and Requirements The United States Naval Academy requires that all applicants submit either SAT or ACT scores. During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, 74% of admitted students submitted SAT scores. ACT Range (Admitted Students) Section 25th Percentile 75th Percentile English 26 32 Math 27 32 This admissions data tells us that most of Annapolis admitted students fall within the top 18% nationally on the English portion of the ACT, and within the top 15% nationally on the math portion. The middle 50% of students admitted to Annapolis received an English score between 26 and 32, while 25% scored above 32 and 25% scored below 26. On the math section, 50% of admitted students scored between 27 and 32, while 25% scored above 32 and 25% scored below 27. Requirements The U.S. Naval Academy does not require the ACT writing section. Unlike many universities, Annapolis superscores ACT results; your highest subscores from multiple ACT sittings will be considered. GPA The U.S. Naval Academy does not provide data about admitted students high school GPAs; however, the admissions office indicates that successful applicants tend to rank in the top 20% of their graduating class. Self-Reported GPA/SAT/ACT Graph Annapolis Applicants Self-Reported GPA/SAT/ACT Graph. Data courtesy of Cappex. The admissions data in the graph is self-reported by applicants to the United States Naval Academy. GPAs are unweighted. Find out how you compare to accepted students, see the real-time graph, and calculate your chances of getting in with a free Cappex account. Admissions Chances The United States Naval Academy is one of the countrys most selective colleges with a low acceptance rate and high average SAT/ACT scores. However, Annapolis has a holistic admissions process involving other factors beyond your grades and test scores. The U.S. Naval Academy looks at the rigor of your high school courses, not just your grades. The academy requires all candidates to complete an interview and pass a physical fitness assessment. Winning candidates typically demonstrate leadership potential, meaningful extracurricular involvement, and athletic ability. In the graph here, the blue and green dots represent accepted students. You can see that the majority of students who were accepted had grades in the A range, combined SAT scores above 1200 (ERW M), and ACT composite scores above 25. The higher those grades and test scores, the better the chance of admission. Tuition Costs and Benefits The Navy pays 100% of the tuition, room and board, and medical and dental care for Naval Academy midshipmen. This is in return for five years of active-duty service upon graduation. Midshipmen pay is $1,087.80 monthly (as of 2018) but after deductions for laundry, barber, cobbler, activities, yearbook, and other services the net cash pay is $100 per month the first year, with increases each year thereafter. Cost-reducing perks include regular active-duty benefits such as access to military commissaries and exchanges, commercial transportation, and lodging discounts. Midshipmen can also fly (space available) in military aircraft around the world. If You Like Annapolis, You May Also Like These Schools Virginia Military Institute,  West Point,  the  Air Force Academy, and  The Citadel  are all potential options for those considering going to a college affiliated with a branch of the U.S. military. All admissions data has been sourced from the National Center for Admissions Statistics and the United States Naval Academy Undergraduate Admissions Office.

Saturday, December 21, 2019

Consciousness Language in George Orwells 1984 - 1355 Words

Newspeak is the official language of Oceania. It is the depletion of words. The Party wanted to make it impossible to commit thoughtcrimes by literally erasing all of the negative words that one would use. Oldspeak is what Winston and the proles spoke in. By 1984, most people had abandoned Oldspeak. The Party did not bother teaching the proles the new language because they didn’t care about them. The proles have a conscience but they are not conscience of their consciousness. Winston could not bring himself to use Newspeak because he still had a sense of emotions that did not exist in Newspeak. Winston can still remember and thinks he can feel a sense of family, love, and guilt. The only emotions other people felt were pain,†¦show more content†¦When Winston was captured by the Though Police he was forced to â€Å"relearn† everything. Once Winston succumbs to O’Brien by giving in to double thinking and the Party, he loses his consciousness. Winston wonders if he is the insane one since he finds himself to be the only one to have these thoughts. Winston is conscious of how the Party uses language to manipulate the people. He understands that, for example, â€Å"war† and â€Å"peace† are two contradictory ideas. The Party, however does not. This is how Winston is different than the Party. He understands Double Think. He knows that in language there is something greater then orthodoxy. Winston longs to be able to think and behave how he pleases. Orthodoxy is the main belief of the Party. Fully sharing in their beliefs and views is the ultimate form of unconsciousness. Almost everything that the Party said was a lie or a contradictory. For example their slogans, â€Å"WAR IS PEACE. FREEDOM IS SLAVERY. IGNORANCE IS STRENGTH†. Certainly we can see how ridiculous these statements are but to the Party members they made perfect sense. The slogans are normal to them because they don’t understand what â€Å"peace†, â€Å"freedom†, or â€Å"strength† truly means. Peace never existed because they were always at war with someone. No one is free, they cannot even think freely without getting found by the Thought Police. The strength and power was held entirely by the Inner Party. The governmentShow MoreRelatedWar Is Peace, By George Orwell1200 Words   |  5 Pagesstatement as George Orwell’s 1984. Without prior knowledge of Orwell’s - and many would argue science-fictionâ₠¬â„¢s - best recognized work of fiction, the slogan has no meaning. It is a set of colliding antonyms. Upon dissecting its connotations in context, though, it gives one of the clearest warnings any author has delivered to the public. 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In this paper George Orwells early life, his variety of jobs before becoming a writer, his many successes and failures and some of his best known novels and cri tiques of them, and his sad death will all be discussed. George Orwell was bornRead MoreFreedom vs Security - George Orwell, 19842554 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Freedom vs. Security: 1984, a Mirror of Today’s Governments and their Methods of Mass Control Tanks to technology and, mostly, its applications in the field of communication, governments and business corporations from all around the world have now more power than ever to track and influence what we buy, what we listen to, what we read, what we watch and, ultimately, what we believe. Recent terrorist threats and armed conflicts that have taken place around the globe have prompted a general feelingRead More1984 Individualism Essay1207 Words   |  5 PagesTotalitarianism, derived from a society which proceeds without cautiousness towards governmental power, can induce many limitations among citizens and every aspect of their lives including individualism. In George Orwell’s 1984, the artificiality of the dystopian country influenced the protagonist of the novel, Winston Smith, to try and deceive the government in any way possible. Winston and many others view individuality as immensely important, but a large challenge to achieve due to the diminishedRead MoreEssay on A nalysis of George Orwells 19844218 Words   |  17 PagesAnalysis of George Orwells 1984 War Is Peace. Freedom Is Slavery. Ignorance Is Strength. The party slogan of Ingsoc illustrates the sense of contradiction which characterizes the novel 1984. That the book was taken by many as a condemnation of socialism would have troubled Orwell greatly, had he lived to see the aftermath of his work. 1984 was a warning against totalitarianism and state sponsored brutality driven by excess technology. Socialist idealism in 1984 had turned to a total loss ofRead MoreGeorge Orwells Nineteen Eighty-Four: Modernist Fable1767 Words   |  8 PagesGEORGE ORWELL’S NINETEEN EIGHTY-FOUR: MODERNIST FABLE If thought corrupts language, language can also corrupt thought.[1] The world that Orwell presents in Nineteen Eighty-four has often been called a nightmare vision of the future. Writing sixteen years into that future, we can see that not all of Orwell’s predictions have been fulfilled in their entirety! Yet, â€Å"1984 expresses man’s fears of isolation and disintegration, cruelty and dehumanisation†¦Orwell’s repetition of obsessive

Friday, December 13, 2019

Malcom X Movie and Real Life Comparison Free Essays

In 1992, director Spike Lee combined his artistic vision with historical events to create the controversial and much hyped film Malcolm X, a biographical and historical account of the slain civil rights leader. Staring as Malcolm X was Denzel Washington who has been noted that this was his best role in a movie to date. As controversial as the flesh and blood Malcolm X was in life, so was the film version of his life as depicted by Lee. We will write a custom essay sample on Malcom X: Movie and Real Life Comparison or any similar topic only for you Order Now Lee made sure to not make the film just based on entertainment purposes as he focused on Malcolm X’s life and achievements by depicting actual events into his movie. Furthermore, Spike Lee tells the story of a not always likable, sometimes reluctant man. He shows Malcolm X as a man who is constantly learning and developing his ideas. Instead of depicting Malcolm X as an unlikeable man, Lee tries to show different sides of Malcolm X and that people (Malcolm X) can change and grow from who they once were.In retrospect, it would seem that Malcolm X represented the exact opposite of the peaceful protests advocated by his contemporary, Martin Luther King, Jr. An example of this is shown in the movie through Malcolm X’s speeches and actions that he thought violence was the only way that the conditions would change between the whites. In viewing the film, one can see that Spike Lee, from the start, was not going to take the safe route in the direction of this motion picture.It was easy to tell in the beginning of Lee’s film that the classification of Malcolm X’s times in life and the period of discrimination were accurate in the mo vie. The opening credits featured an American flag slowly being consumed by flames and burning to ashes. This is symbolic not only of the nation in turmoil which Malcolm X preached the idea of racial equality. But also as a symbol of a place where people in the wrong position, such as African-Americans faced with prejudice, hatred and worse, could literally and socially be scolded beyond recognition. Lee confronts reality head on in his film.What is depicted in Malcolm X is a story within a story; watchers see the actions and progress of Malcolm X as a social advocate. But  as the sub-context of his controversial crusade, we also learn as the film unfolds that Malcolm X’s mother, father, uncles, and countless other relatives and friends were direct victims of the hatred and violence of the white majority in America, during a time when the nation was supposed to be free and equal for all. A scene in the movie that best depicted the racism and the violence was the scene outside th e Little’s family house, a black family. In this scene the black legion starts to pass around gasoline cans and then flames roar through the room and the Little kids are hysterical. Louise, the wife, rushes in and pushes them past the fire, she has infant in hand covered in a blanket. They barely make it outside when they are confronted by a black legion member who threatens them and tells them to leave the community. In conclusion, what is seen in Spike Lee’s Malcolm X is a break from the traditional cinema of its time which was a film of historical fact, biography and political commentary with the intended effect of raising social consciousness.Lee pushed the limits and dared to create controversy and shock viewers. Furthermore, Denzel Washington portrayal of a much wounded young boy who evolves into a very powerful speaker and political figure is outstanding and helped shaped the movie into an incredible historical depiction of Malcolm X’s life. As one opinion, Lee and Washington did this very well, and ope ned the door for others who come after them to do the same. How to cite Malcom X: Movie and Real Life Comparison, Essays

Thursday, December 5, 2019

Cyber Crime and Cyber Espionage-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Cyber Crime and Cyber Espionage. Answer: Introduction The aim of this report is to provide light on the topics cyber-crime and cyber-Espionage, which can be considered as the most vicious threat to the privacy and the security of an individual in this new era of technology. Cyber-crime and cyber-espionage both are illegal in the eyes of law and both are same in a way as both of them access to the data and information of the population without their authority or permission. However, one is done for personal profit (Cyber-crime), and the government for the benefits of the communities performs another (Cyber-Espionage). This report put emphasis on such intrusions and focuses on certain preventive measures, which can be implemented before and after the attack to protect personal information and data. How the intruders let, these intrusions have also been proposed in this report. Several examples of cyber-crime and cyber-espionage have also been proposed in this report to show that how much an individual, group of individual, an organization or common people be affected by such cyber-crimes. Cyber-Crime Cybercrime is defined as a crime in which a computer is the object of the crime (hacking, phishing, spamming) or is used as a tool to commit an offense (child pornography, hate crimes) (Mc Guire and Dowling 2013). Cybercriminals may use computer technology to access personal information, business trade secrets or use the internet for exploitive or malicious purposes. Criminals can also use computers for communication and document or data storage. Criminals who perform these illegal activities are often referred to as hackers. Cybercrime encompasses a wide range of activities, but these can generally be broken into two categories: Crimes, which target the computer networks or systems. These types of crimes include viruses and denial-of-service (DoS) attacks (Choo and 2013). Crimes that use computer networks to advance other criminal activities. These types of crimes include cyber-stalking, phishing and fraud or identity theft. Most Vicious Cyber-Crime around the Globe The Original Logic Bomb During the cold war in the year 1982,CIAfound a way to disrupt the operation of a Siberian gas pipeline of Russia without using traditional explosive devices likemissiles or bombs. Titan Rain Shawn Carpenter discovered a series of coordinated cyber raids, in what the FBI believed to originated from government-supported cells in China. Moonlight Maze Thiswas actually an accidental discovery, which was made by the US officials and was believed to be conceived by the Russians although they denied their involvement. In this big cyber-attack, the hackers targeted military maps and schematics. Epsilon Although, the targets of the hackers were email addresses that they can use for their criminal activities. This is the fourth biggest cyber-crime in history. In a result of this hacking the data-breach in Epsilon, which is the worlds largest provider of marketing and handling services, has an estimated damage cost that ranged from $225 million to $4 billion dollars. Why this Happens? Botnets and the Rise of the Zombies As with many other industries, up and coming economies, such as China in particular, has become a favored as target for cybercrime in 2015. One significant factor has been a growth in broadband adoption in the last year. In 2013, the Chinese Government announced plans to expand broadband coverage for both rural and urban areas by 2020 (Gray, Cinton and Rinehart 2013). One of the milestones for the multi-pronged strategy aimed to bring fixed broadband connections to 400 million Chinese households by 2015. In addition, prices have been kept low, as broadband speeds have increased. All of this make the country an attractive target for cybercriminals seeking to compromise a fresh source of high-speed, internet-connected computers (Zhang et al. 2012). Security threats Email threats and phishing campaigns Malware and ransomware Mobile malware Advanced Persistent Threats Cloud security Web and application vulnerabilities (Wang and lu 2013) Denial of Service (DoS) attacks leveraging the Internet of Things (IoT) Preventive Measures CEO fraud, or cyber-attacks on C-suite executives, will grow. Techniques such as spear phishing, where cybercriminals hook their victims with a malware-infected email that appears to be from a trusted individual or business, will increasingly be used in this kind of attack. The commoditization of the tools of cybercrime will also increase. Cybercriminals will look to build their businesses by swapping and selling stolen information and prewritten malware, or by offering their skills for hire, on the dark web. State-sponsored cyber espionage will become one of the hottest topics of 2017, as foreign cybercriminals redouble their efforts to digitally infiltrated government and related agencies both with and without the knowledge of their own governing bodies (Dunn Cavelty 2012). Ransomware will continue to pose a real threat. Cybercriminals will focus their efforts on organizations, like legal firms or doctors surgeries, which hold a goldmine of sensitive personal information but are often less secure than many government or private business databases. The paradox of protection will come to the fore. As people become more aware of cybercrime, many will attempt to protect themselves by taking their personal information and professional verification tools offline wherever possible. However, by reverting to offline methods, many individuals and organizations run the risk of leaving personal details vulnerable to being stolen from low-security storage and migrated online. Impact of Cyber-crime Fifty-one percent of people think that over the past five years it has become harder to stay safe and secure online than in the real world. Yet, 689 million people in 21 countries experienced cybercrime within the last year alone. The reason for this staggering number is simple. Most people do not take the right precautions to protect their digital lives (Saini, Rao and Panda 2012). While some are unaware of online dangers, others think it can be dealt with after it happens. The truth remains that cybercrime is evolving rapidly and affecting the daily and digital lives of people. Within the past year, cybercrime victims have spent $126 billion globally and lost 19.7 hours the time it would take to fly from New York City to Los Angeles four times dealing with cybercrime. The number of connected devices has exponentially grown in the last year and there is a constant need to be connected. In fact, people are willing to engage in risky online behaviour in order to access Wi-Fi. People are also known to share their passwords with friends, access financial information via unsecured Wi-Fi connections and click on suspicious links thereby increasing the vulnerability of their connected devices. Eighty percent of the consumers who took a compromising action in response to a potential phishing incident experienced negative consequences, including identify theft, money stolen from bank accounts, credit cards opened in their name and unauthorized apps installed on their device (Lewis and Baker 2013). Cyber-Espionage Cyber espionage or Cyber spying is the act of engaging in an attack or series of attacks that let an unauthorized user or users view classified material. These attacks are often subtle, amounting to nothing more than an unnoticed bit of code or process running in the background of a mainframe or personal workstation, and the target is usually a corporate or government entity (krekel, Adams and Bakos 2012). The goal is typically to acquire intellectual property or government secrets. Attacks can be motivated by greed or profit, and can be used in conjunction with a military operation or as an act of terrorism. Consequences can range from loss of competitive advantage to loss of materials, data, infrastructure, or loss of life. Examples of Cyber-Espionage In December of 2009, Google began to notice persistent cyber-attacks aimed at acquiring information specific to Gmail accounts. The accounts were held by Chinese human rights activists, and Google was not the only target. To the search engine giant's credit, they quickly informed at least 20 other companies that they too were being targeted through a vulnerability in Microsoft Internet Explorer (Nakashima 2013). Preventive measures were taken, and McAfee Labs identified the problem in early 2010 and code-named it Aurora. The Aurora attackers used targeted emails with malware sent to individuals who were judged as good targets because they were likely to have a high level of access to valuable intellectual property. The reaction to this act of cyber espionage varied around the world. Microsoft sent a security breach report and released a security patch. Some companies and governments also switched browsers to help safeguard against future attacks (Center 2013). Why this Happens? For years, corporations have attempted to seek advantages by prying into the business plans of their competitors. One tactic is to send in faux employees who attempt to gain access to data or projects where new technology is being developed. Technology provided an evolutionary path for this activity, and resulted in the birth of cyber spying. The faux employee is still a useful tactic, but now an unsecured workstation is far more attractive. An individual can use a USB stick to upload a worm or virus in a matter of seconds. The goal might be to identify and open a security portal or find an exploit that can be targeted later (Fidler 2013). Business websites can offer the same type of openings, and experienced hackers can use a vulnerable website to execute an attack. Emails that appear to be official may be sent to specific individuals with higher network privileges who could be lured into clicking a link that downloads code to enable later attacks. This type of attack is called spear phishing. Modern browser software is comprised of thousands of lines of code. New lines of code add new features as the software evolves. Sometimes new code, by chance or oversight (or lack thereof) breaks little-known features or works at-odds with security patches that have previously been effective. When a new feature or a new piece of software hits the market, it is analysed, dissected, and backward-engineered by countless individuals and interested parties around the world. Preventive measures While no way is guaranteed to eliminate all attacks, its usually recommended to companies and other organizations that they assess current security and procedures, evaluate risks and develop a security policy or policies that help address vulnerabilities. It may also be wise to define daily procedures and establish a response plan when an attack is detected. Procedures like backups, software and hardware updates, and other security updates should be followed, recorded, verified and audited for compliance. Procedures can also include a mobile device management policy (Skinner 2013). Staff and employees are typically the first line of defence, so educating company personnel is typically recommended. Employees should understand the importance of security protection, like rotating passwords and keeping company confidential information safe. They should also understand how to use company-approved virus and malware protection software. Informing personnel about viruses and malware is important and may help limit further breaches (Fidler 2013). When employees understand the potential for harm, they may be more likely to follow the company security policy, minimizing acts of non-compliance. Impact of Cyber Espionage For most daily Internet uses, the hidden world of international cyber espionage may seem too distant to be of any real importance. To most individual citizens, cyber espionage may not seem to influence their lives very much, but its costs on a nation-state are significant. The impact can vary significantly from monetary loss to physical infrastructure damage to civilian casualties, and the cost can range from insignificant to devastating (Lagazio, Sherif and Cushman 2014). In this section, we will first discuss the different impacts of cyber espionage and their costs on any given society, as well as explore ideas about how nation-state cyber espionage influences the future of international relations and national security. Cost is another factor for this situation. Although the amount and type of cost associated with cyber espionage can vary, in extreme cases it can be very high. When cyber-attacks are coupled with actual warfare, as in Russias preferred strategy, the loss of communication systems can severely restrict the victim nations ability to defend itself and its citizens. In this case, such an attack results in loss of property, infrastructure, and human life (Weissbrodt 2013). When Russia used this strategy on Estonia, Georgia, and Ukraine, the three victim countries lost much of their ability to defend them or to reach out and appeal to the outside world. Coupled with physical strikes, the cost on the victim state can be enormous. Conclusion Based on the above report it can be concluded that privacy and security of an individual is much more important in all aspect that is being destroyed or theft by government and the criminals both. Cyber-crimes are influencing globally now a days and lots of population are being influenced by such intrusions. This unauthorized access does not affect the individuals or the organization by collecting information but have power to affect them in the real world. This report mentioned how these virtual activities can harm the common population and the organizations in the real world and how big its impact could be. Cyber-espionage is no doubt beneficial for the community but the cost of this type of security is the private and secured information of the individuals, whom have the right to choose whom they want to reveal this information by law. Measures that are stated in the above report could help and individual from not being prey of any of the both activities. References: Center, M.I., 2013. Apt1: Exposing one of chinas cyber espionage units. Mandian. com. Choo, K.K.R. and Grabosky, P., 2013. Cyber crime. Dunn Cavelty, M., 2012. Cyber-security. Fidler, D.P., 2013. Economic Cyber Espionage and International Law: Controversies Involving Government Acquisition of Trade Secrets through Cyber Technologies. ASIL Insights, 17(10). Fidler, D.P., 2013. Economic Cyber Espionage and International Law: Controversies Involving Government Acquisition of Trade Secrets through Cyber Technologies. ASIL Insights, 17(10). Gray, D.C., Citron, D.K. and Rinehart, L.C., 2013. Fighting Cyber-Crime After United States v. Jones. Krekel, B., Adams, P. and Bakos, G., 2012. Occupying the Information High Ground: Chinese Capabilities for Computer Network Operations and Cyber Espionage Prepared for the US-China Economic and Security Review Commission by Northrop Grumman Corp. Lagazio, M., Sherif, N. and Cushman, M., 2014. A multi-level approach to understanding the impact of cyber crime on the financial sector. Computers Security, 45, pp.58-74. Lewis, J. and Baker, S., 2013. The economic impact of cybercrime and cyber espionage. McAfee. McGuire, M. and Dowling, S., 2013. Cyber crime: A review of the evidence. Summary of key findings and implications. Home Office Research report, 75. Nakashima, Ellen. "US Target of Massive Cyber-Espionage Campaign." Washington Post (2013). Saini, H., Rao, Y.S. and Panda, T.C., 2012. Cyber-crimes and their impacts: A review. International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications, 2(2), pp.202-9. Skinner, C.P., 2013. An international law response to economic cyber espionage. Wang, W. and Lu, Z., 2013. Cyber security in the Smart Grid: Survey and challenges. Computer Networks, 57(5), pp.1344-1371. Weissbrodt, D., 2013. Cyber-conflict, Cyber-crime, and Cyber-espionage. Minn. J. Int'l L., 22, p.347. Zhang, Y., Xiao, Y., Ghaboosi, K., Zhang, J. and Deng, H., 2012. A survey of cyber crimes. Security and Communication Networks, 5(4), pp.422-437.