Major American Writers Essays (1340 words) - Robert Frost, Frost

Major American Writers Major American Writers The honored title of Major American Writer tends to be ambiguous and ill defined in part because each individual reader holds preconceived notions about what characteristics a writer should possess to be classified as a major author. Every work an author creates combines with the others to form a body of material on which the writer is judged. This class on Major American Writers studied five authors with completely different genres, writing styles, and general appeal. The choice for these particular authors was based on criteria unique to the instructor. Since every reader requires different characteristics, this paper will outline my specific criteria for a Major American Writer and apply those to Robert Frost and Henry James. Frost is a perfect example as defined by my characteristics of a major writer. His work embodies all the features necessary to categorize him as such. While James's work is well critiqued and studied, he does not meet my criteria for a major writer. His work falls short in some of the fundamental requirements. There are four specific criteria by which I define a Major American Writer. The most important for the significance of an author is the relevance of the writings to human nature. Timeless works of literature or poetry connect with the audiences' innermost emotions. The nature of the world is constant change and if the work of an author is not able to transcend the change it will be forgotten or obsolete. One thing constant enough to be the focus of the work is the human condition. Another criterion for a Major American Writer is that the substance of the work must also engage the reader. Writing cannot be effective without an audience. If the author has no impact on people the material written accomplished nothing. Engagement may come about through the entertainment value or intellectual interest, neither being of greater importance. Style as well as substance is necessary when discussing criteria for an author to be a Major American Writer. The technical aspects of a work, such as n arrator and form, are important in a work because they are ways to distinguish a superb writer from a mediocre writer. The last criterion for a Major American Writer is the overall impact on literature. Major authors should have the ability to reshape or redefine literature or public thought in some manner. Considerations of the author's contributions to the genre as well as the world of literature are consequential when deciding to include the writer in the category of a major writer. Not every author who is considered as a major writer needs to totally fulfill all the criteria set forth. There are many other considerations that could qualify an author for this honor. These four conditions are simply a starting point for qualification. The first writer I chose to examine is Robert Frost. He expressly fulfills all four criteria for qualification as a Major American Writer. Many of his poems deal with the innermost workings of the human experience. He beautifully illustrates difficult to explain emotions with prose and poetry. His poem The Road Not Taken reveals the conflict between choices made and choices passed. This is not something easily expressed in words, but Frost eloquently makes his point. The second criterion Frost meets is the engagement of the reader. The excellence in his work lies in the fact that anyone can read and enjoy his writings. There are levels of meaning that can be read in a very basic, literal manner or studied for complexity of meaning so as to engage lay readers or scholars. After Apple-Picking is as much about picking apples as it is about life and death. Frost's writing style also helps his writing to be accessible and to engage the reader. This writing form fulfills the third criterio n for a Major American Writer. His style of blank verse and unrhymed lines give the poetry a tone of normal conversation. The technique is followed almost continually throughout his poetry revealing his dedication to the technical aspect of writing as well as the artistic. Metaphors are present in his work but not dominating to the point of convolution. They relate to the actual events in the

Essay on Private Investigating Organization

Essay on Private Investigating Organization Essay on Private Investigating Organization Essay on Private Investigating OrganizationThis paper places emphasis on the role of effective management in criminal justice organizations. The organization under study is the Michigan Council of Private Investigators. This is a non-governmental criminal justice organization that is specialized on provide high quality private investigation services. This paper provides an overview of the organization, defines the structure of the organization, the type of management utilized and the ways used to maintain moral and motivation of personnel. The major goal of the Michigan Council of Private Investigators management team is to provide effective leadership in order to ensure professional private investigation services to clients in the state of Michigan. The organization has articulated the required values in the Code of Ethics, emphasizing the importance of ethical decision making and problem solving in the context of private investigation issues. In general, the Michigan Council of Pri vate Investigators is effectively managed as the members of the organization are well-motivated to perform their duties in a proper way.Introduction  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Criminal justice management deserves special attention as it provides an example of comprehensive management practices for many organizations. According to Richard R.E. Kania and Richards P. Davis (2011), â€Å"management is the art of overseeing, controlling and exercising authority over the workforce of an agency and the organizational activities needed to guide it to accomplish a purpose or function† (p. 1). The management of a criminal justice organization stands for the management of the leadership team, which consists of the chief executive of the organization, several department heads, mangers at middle levels, as well as the members of their supporting staff. Managing criminal justice organizations is not an easy task. Many criminal justice organizations have their individual ma nagement techniques. In general, there are governmental and non-governmental criminal justice organizations. Private investigating organizations are non-governmental organizations. Today the â€Å"growth of non-governmental justice-related services, agencies and alternative programs to support the traditional government justice organizations has expended the field considerably in recent years†(Kania Davis, 2011, p. 19). Many of these private criminal justice organizations have introduced new managerial and administrative challenges in the field of traditional justice administration, organization and management.   Private investigating organizations offer high quality investigating services, such as finding missing family members, collecting private information about individuals, their activities and behaviors, etc. According to researchers, â€Å"management of most of these private law enforcement organizations will follow business models because the organizations exist t o achieve a profit as well to provide public services†(Kania Davis, 2011, p. 22). The Michigan Council of Private Investigators is an effective private investigating organization that has developed and effectively performs the key management functions, such as planning organizing, leading and controlling.The major goal of this paper is to provide an overview of any criminal justice organization, paying due attention to the type of management utilized, the structure of the organization and the ways used to maintain moral and motivation of personnel. The Michigan Council of Private Investigators is one of the well-known private investigating organizations in the U.S. This organization has developed effective management to contribute to the growth of private investigation industry.The overview of the organization  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Michigan Council of Private Investigators is a successful private investigating organization that is focused on providin g private investigation services and security services to its clients. Michigan Council of Private Investigators is located in Lansing, MI, the Downtown neighborhood. The full address is 235 N Pine St., Lansing, MI 48933 Phone: 517-482-0706 Fax: 517-372-1501 (Michigan Council of Professional Investigators. Official Website, 2014).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Michigan Council of Professional Investigators was established in1983. Since that time, the Michigan Council of Professional Investigators has been comprised of several corporations and individual private investigators â€Å"who care deeply about the private investigation industry and the public image presented† (Michigan Council of Professional Investigators, Membership, 2014).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This private investigating organization is specialized in a wide range of services, includingArmored Transportation servicesAudio/Video Enhancement Authentication servicesAuto Reco very servicesCase ManagementComputer Forensics servicesForensic AccountingForensicsInformation ProviderLegal servicesInsurance-related servicesPrivate investigation training (The Michigan Council of Professional Investigators, Official Website, 2014).The Michigan Council of Professional Investigators is a group of professional private investigators that are assembled in order to improve education opportunities of each investigator’s education, provide the appropriate resources, organize effective network, and monitor legal issues that affect the field of private investigation (Michigan Council of Professional Investigators. Official Website, 2014).The structure of the organizationThe Michigan Council of Professional Investigators has a standard organizational structure. The Board Leader and Board Members are at the head of the organization. The President of the Michigan Council of Professional Investigators is Daryn Rollins P.E.M. The Vice President of the organization is Che ryl Gelnak. The secretary is Dan Klimek. The Sergeant at Arms is Steve Crane. The Board members include Linda Milam, Sonya Terburg and Peter Psarouthakis (The Michigan Council of Professional Investigators, Official Website, 2014).The mission of the Michigan Council of Professional InvestigatorsThe mission of the Michigan Council of Professional Investigators is to â€Å"secure a more professional relationship among licensed private investigators; encourage the elevation of an impeccable degree of standards so as to form an elite corps of investigators and promote and encourage the continuing training and education of its members in the many and diverse areas of the profession of private investigation† (Michigan Council of Professional Investigators, Membership, 2014). The organization is focused on monitoring the established legislative and regulatory activities at federal and state levels, which have an enormous impact on the private investigation industry in the U.S.The ty pe of management utilized in the organization  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The key feature of the private investigating organization is that the policies, services and initiatives developed by this organization are aimed at fulfilling the needs and requirements of the private individuals or companies employing them. According to Richard R.E. Kania and Richards P. Davis (2011), â€Å"because the laws of each state differ, some have powers equal to those of public law enforcement officers, while others have very limited law enforcement powers† (p. 22). The Michigan Council of Professional Investigators management is focused on the development and application of effective leadership skills, supervision practices, communication and analytic skills. The organization’s management team is focused on solving various management-related issues and effective methods, placing emphasis on the established ethical considerations, laws and regulation. There are four key functions performed by the organization’s management team: planning, organizing, leading and controlling. Management plays a crucial role in the organization, including informational and decisional roles.Essay on Private Investigating Organization part 2

Apple Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Apple - Essay Example Due to this reason, tablets with the facility of mobile have appeared as perfect product which can satisfy the demand of customers (Infinite Research, n.d.). The smartphone and tablet PC industry is characterised by creativity, dependability and expandability. Smartphone and tablets are highly innovative products with trendy features where numerous factors can inspire the demand of this industry such as usage of internet among customers, increased competitiveness and delivery of smartphones and tablets among others. In this regards, the five forces model presented by Michael Porter is an excellent tool for assessing the smart phone and the tablet industry. Porter’s Five Forces Analysis Rivalry The smart phone and tablet industry is unstable and competitive which gives rise to considerable rivalry. In order to survive in this industry there is need for continuous development of new products and incorporate innovative technologies for encouraging customers’ demand. ... Due to international circulation of cutting edge technology, it is quite difficult for new organisations to enter into the highly competitive market of smartphone and tablet PC. Although it is easy for other organisations to develop device such as iPad, but in order to gain sustainability in the market, an organisation requires cost effectiveness too. Thus, unless new entrants in this industry gain higher economies of scale or higher market share, survival in this industry for the long run shall be quite challenging (James, 2009). Threat of Substitutes The threat of substitutes in smartphone and tablet PC industry is quite weak. The tablet PC and smartphone both act as an alternative product for notebook, computer and mobile phones. Through tablet PC and smartphone, people can enjoy the facilities of notebook, computer and mobile phones (James, 2009). Bargaining Power of Suppliers The bargaining power of suppliers is strong in smartphone and tablet PC industry. As this industry is as sociated with technology, suppliers play a vital part in providing inexpensive raw materials for production of finished products which can help organisations to gain cost competitiveness. Furthermore, smartphone processors are produced by only a few organisations due to which maintaining good relationship with those organisations become essential for accomplishing success in smartphone and tablet PC industry (James, 2009). Bargaining Power of Buyers The bargaining power of buyers in smartphone and tablet PC industry is moderate. The revenue of smartphone and tablet PC producers is derived by sales of product. In present day’s business context, buyers do not possess many alternatives but to acquire smartphone and tablet PCs. However, the power of buyer falls in switching the

Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 11

Politics - Essay Example pecific segment of the poo in the society that need assistance, it is because these class of people never had a chance to do what others did to enrich themselves. William Summer tries to discredit the point that the poor class in the society is really struggling under the emblem of limited resources. According to summer such claims are exaggerated and lie on the precept of poor assumptions made by the humanitarians. He speaks out by stressing the point that hard work is the key to any success. William stresses on this point when he says â€Å"....men who have not done their duty in this world never can be equal to those who have done their duty more or less well. Classes will always exist; no other social distinctions can endure. The class distinctions simply result from the different degrees of success with which men have availed themselves of the chances which were presented to them† (Mayer, 17). William supports his claims logically by saying that in the society disparity in classes will always exists; the social class will always be in any given society. However, some people in this class just need a little assistance for them to get to a higher class. He supports his claims that â€Å"Instead of endeavoring to redistribute the acquisitions which have been made between the existing classes, our aim should be to increase, multiply, and extend the chances. The greater the chances, the more unequal will be the fortune of these two sets of men. So it ought to be, in all justice and right reason.† This essay is a true illustration of Darwinism that subjects a basis that all men have equal chances of being great, but the truth is that not all of them will attain the same level (Mayer, 45). Francis Fox Piven postulates that power in the society is construed to dominate above the less privileged. The rich oppress the poor either materially or physically depending on the dominance that is directed towards the less privileged. Piven uses the term disruption to connote

How sociological perspective contribute to the relationship between Essay

How sociological perspective contribute to the relationship between the education and the society - Essay Example of opportunity, the democracy and economy (Department of Education, 2004) and it has been well known that schools could help individuals to be socialized (Meyer, 1977). Therefore, this essay would like to discuss how the sociological perspective might explain the relationship between the education and the society. Particularly, this essay will illustrate this point from these three levels: the social contribution of the physical education, the development of students’ socialization process and the importance of the education to the social equity and development. This essay will be structured as follows: it starts by talking about the social effect of the physical education followed by the effect on students’ socialization process. After that, this essay will look at the impact on the social equity together with the discussion about the interaction of these three topics. At last, this essay will conclude by illustrating how these three factors work with the relationship between the society and the education. Physical education deals with the exercise and development of students’ bodies (Kirk et al, 2006). Moreover, it makes students realize the importance of their bodies and the fact that they should take care of their condition in order to maintain clean habits in society. The naturalistic view of the body says that the study of the body could be fully explained by the scientific studies (Shilling, 1993). Thus, the functions of our body and our activity could be understood by biological science thoroughly. In comparison, the sociological perspective argues that the biology could not fully explain the behavior of the body as some activities were determined by the society and the social behavior is a combination of both nature and culture (Evans, 1993; Kirk et al, 2006). Particularly, Giddens (1993) stated that our body is influenced ‘by our social experience as well as the norms and values of the groups to which we belong’. This means that our body is

Research Methods Theories and Concepts

Research Methods Theories and Concepts Understanding of the research methodology 4.1 Introduction This chapter presents the reader clearly understanding of the research methodology and relevant research approaches determining the way through this research was conducted. In accordance with the main objective of research, Kothari (2005) states that research should help the reader to discover the truth that is hidden through the application of scientific procedures. Methodology produces the outcomes of any studies and it is important to choose appropriate way to conduct the research methods in effective way in order to meet researchers aims and objectives of the research. Research methodology followed in this dissertation presents topics on different forms of research which are used in order to find an appropriate approach and method in this study. The researcher outlined aims and objectives of thesis in Chapter 1 therefore the purpose of this chapter is to: introduce research philosophy in relation to adopted approach in this study discuss research strategy expounded in current study, including the research methodology conducted present the instruments of research method which were developed and utilized in the achievement of researcher goals explain why the specific methods were adopted and constrains in relation with data collection considering the limitation to the presented research Further, the chapter discusses the issues followed as: research philosophy, research approaches, research design, data collection method, data analysis, reliability and limitation of the research. 4.2 Research philosophy According to Proctor ( 2005 ) , the academic research should be developed in a philosophical way. Differently speaking, the research should be followed with method of study elaborated to better explain and facilitate the analysis of subject. Looking at this context, the philosophical approach gives framework of the research according to its configuration, necessary evidence, gathering the data and the way of its interpretation to provide the right answers to the research questions. The research starts with its first step which is definition of the philosophical method of research that ought to be examine. There are several different approaches of research philosophy, such as the positivism, phenomenology and realism. ( Saunders et. al., 2003 ). Each approach sets hypothesis and various methodological implication according with its position and the brief description of the characteristics of each research philosophy will be interpreted below. Positivism According to Currie ( 2003), the positivist approach means development of general rules and principles using the different systematic techniques of scientific method. The positivist approach begins with dilemma, idea or observation as it is the first step associated with this philosophy. Following this way of approach, the researcher analyzes the fact and objectives of the study in order to create the logic way of thinking to explain subject of the study. In the view of Newman (2005 ) this approach is based on quantitative investigation. Prediction of prospective behavior is used in the positivist approach by generating general laws from the standpoint of objective truth.( Fisher, 2004). Based on researchers belief on accurate and value free data , this approach determines human beings and their action to be studied as objectively as the part of natural world. Phenomenology Phenomenology is also called non-positivist , intrepretivist , naturalistic approach. The followers of this approach contend the observation of phenomenon should be key of obtaining the comprehensive explanation and description of the problem. Through the subjective interpretation reality can be fully analyzed .Approach present that the objective truth is less important because the reality is socially created, hence it holds subjective truth. The key element of the non positivist philosophy is the study of the natural environment followed with affects on those phenomena. Scientists believe the reality is relative part to various variable such as situation, time , location, culture, value of society, etc. Thus researchers of this approach go further to realize how things occur in reality and how people react on its occurrence rather than to generalize things based on standards laws. ( Fisher, 2004) Realism Realism research philosophy lies on philosophical views of positivism and it is based on the statement that the objective reality exists and it is independent part of human beings beliefs and behavior. Realism also states that humans are not considered as objects in the studies of natural science, but social influence is taken into account. Further, realism gives mains importance to those social influences in order to better understand the way of peoples behavior and thinking and their awareness of these social forces. ( Saundres et al., 2003 ) Based on the three different type of research philosophies, this research followed phenomenology approach with the objectives of research project . Developed on this approach, researcher was able to define the nature of the problem being investigated and to get the better understanding of the environment within the problem occurred. Usage of phenomenology approach provided a comprehensive description of the main aim of the research referring to the importance of risk management in todays business world. 4.3 Research Approach According to Saunders et al. there are two main research approach conducted by business research known as deductive and inductive scientific methods of reasoning. The deductive approach means testing theories on effective way where researcher is able to develop a theory or hypothesis creating strategy for testing the theory. In the view of Saunders (2005) it is appropriate scientific research method for the organization so called top down method. There are three steps when conducting research based on deductive forms of reasoning: Firstly, researcher states the hypothesis examined with theory or research literature. Secondly, collecting data in order to researcher test the hypothesis. The final step leads to building the right decision when researcher is accepting or rejecting the hypothesis based on conclusion. In contrast, the inductive method , well known as bottom up scientific method suitable when researchers aim is to generate theories and hypothesis in order to understand why something happens in reality. Inductive approach of reasoning is usually basic way for building the theories, when researcher by collecting data scientific way to develop theory as a result of data analysis. The inductive method involves three steps in its process referring to researchers ability to observe the environment , find a pattern for observed element and provide generalization about final result of analysis. In reality the two approaches are not mutually exposed, but have joint participation in business studies (Seddighi, 2000 ). Nevertheless, the important fact about those two scientific methods lies on statement that its presence in research depends on research question and research objectives. The inductive and deductive methods are demonstrated in figure below : Therefore, the deductive approach was adopted to create a path for this particular research. This method of research was used to test theory based on hypothesis moving from specific to general. Usage of this approach enabled researcher to contribute to the successful achievement of the objectives of this project. Implementing this method researcher was able to understand the company and its risk management techniques in the specific environment related to the topic and evaluate the strategies used by the Societe Generale Bank to maintain the same. 4.4 Research Design The research design is used to address the research questions which were taken into consideration in this study. The research design appears from questions directly determining the main objectives being examined in this thesis. These questions are results from the gaps between theory based on literature review presented in Chapter 2 and analyzing and findings of primary data based in the following Chapter 5. Yin (2003) states that research design is dependent element for research project helping the researcher to decide what questions to study, which information are relevant to the current case study, how to collect data and to do analysis of presented findings. In the view of Saunders et al. ( 2003 ), there are three various types of research design followed as : (1) Exploratory, (2) Descriptive and (3) Explanatory. The description of each will be summarized below. Exploratory Exploratory research is constructed to answer what questions, according to Yin (2003), and in many cases includes new studies which can be result of the appearance of new phenomena or insufficient knowledge on the subject of any study. This approach is also recommended to approve researchers objectives by gaining new insights about specific issue which fit well and present a good match to this research. Saunders et. al (2003) states usage of this approach especially for understanding the problem expressing the main steps to conduct an exploratory research : searching and studying the literature and talking to experts in the subject through interviews. This concept is characterized as flexible and adaptable to daily changes as result of new information upcoming or new hypothesis appearing. Descriptive Concept of this research implies design addressed to reveal validate profile of persons, events or situations. Descriptive concept tends to answer on questions such as who, where , how many; how much. However, what question can be included in situation if the research wants to have u clue about the details of some specific topic or issue. Descriptive research is also well known as archival research because of the use of arcival records. ( Yin, 2003 ). The concept is useful and crucial when the researcher achievement focuses on details and descriptrion of ohenomena or when it should show prediction about specific findings. Unlike exploratory approach which is based on qualitative research, descriptive concept implies qualitative way of analysis using archival records, questionnaire, secondary data, etc.(Saunders et. al., 2003 ). Explanatory Explanatory research is known as casual research and is conducted for answering the how and why questions. A casual study is focused on finding casual relationships between variables. This concept of approach use qualitative way of research such as case studies, histories, experiments aiming to describe relationships expressing the cause and effect of particular incident. Explanatory research design allows using qualitative approach to answer on question how and why depends on sources of relationship between cause and effect. In that way, operational links required implication of secondary data, statistics. ( Yin, 2003; Saunders et. al. 2003). According to Saunders et. al. (2003), exploratory research design is the most suitable and useful for new studies giving the significant contribution for understanding of the findings of the main subject. Therefore , this research is of an exploratory nature and the exploratory research was developed in order to define the nature of risk management and explain and clarify the understanding of usage and effectiveness of risk management in Societe Generale Bank. The researcher of the presented issue wanted to compare and contrast the findings with the theory expressed in literature review and was able to give the suggestion and recommendation to the company or other companies in the same work filed and future prospective through exploratory research design which is briefly presented in Chapter 6. 4.5 Data collection Method One of the most important element in research project is data collection method. This method means good preparation and organization of collecting data in order to researcher not have a problem to face too much information collected, which can become a major obstacle rather than help in the project researched. Very often, there is much information available that can be a barrier to sort and evaluate real and important information and to assess their usefulness It is necessary to understand different approaches and methods for collecting data and that have great importance in preparing research and organizing data collection in a systematic way. ( Lancaster, 2005 ) According to Saunders et. al. ( 2003 ), there are various forms of information which can be distinguished in two main group as secondary data and primary data. Secondary data Lancaster states (2005) that the secondary data are second hand data which already are presented and collected by other researchers for the purpose of previous researches and giving hypothesis on other issues. It summarized raw data and published data including internal records and external records within the organization. Those secondary data can provide wide range of sales and marketing data, production data, financial data, personnel, transcripts of speeches, administrative and public record data followed by external record such as newspapers articles, journals, internet, official statistics, etc. Secondary data have qualitative and quantitative nature and its utilization is visible in both descriptive and explanatory research. According to Saunders et. al. ( 2003 ), the advantages of secondary data leads to saving both money and time, having fewer resource requirements for specific issue, creating easier way for longitudinal studies, providing comparative and contextual data and may result in unforeseen discoveries of particular subject. On the other hand , disadvantages can be expressed through some of negative aspects of its collection. Sometimes its purpose does not match the goal of researcher and its access may be costly for commercial reasons. Thus, those data can lead to unsuitable definition for the required subject affecting the quality of data presented. Primary data Primary data refers to collection of data by researchers using the various methods and techniques such as interviews, questionnaires, observations, experiments in order to gather the most valuable data necessary for researchers project . The process of collecting primary data requires more time, effort and resources comparing with secondary data providing more relevant answers on the research questions. Looking at collecting data on primary way , there is distinguish between forms of data collected which can be categorized in two main groups: quantitative and qualitative data. (Saunders et. al. 2003) Quantitative data refers to number -organized data and can be expressed numerically giving the framework with numerical value. This approach is recommended during latter phases of research projects. Approach deals with questions such as how many, how large, what rate something. Using quantitative data tends to be more efficient, to test hypotheses, but may result in fewer contextual detail about particular topic. Quantitative process of collecting data is more objective and scientific process than qualitative process. (Lancaster, 2005) In contrast, the aim of qualitative data is to provide a complete, detailed description and this process is recommended during earlier phases of research work. Qualitative approach is more subjective and gathered information can not be numerically analyzed. Therefore, those data has usage and utilization in investigation about peoples opinion, attitude, fears and hopes which can not be part of quantitative analysis. Qualitative data results in more rich relevance in term of time consuming, and less probability to be generalized. In this project, data were collecting based on qualitative interviews with the managers of Societe Generale Bank in Serbia , because the researcher wanted to deeply explore the effectiveness of risk management in banking sector and its implementation in todays banking environment in branch of Societe Generale Group in Serbia from the point of view of respectable managers in the Bank. Through interview with the managers who work for the company, the researcher achieved goals which has already mentioned in Chapter 1 providing aims and objectives of the current research. Although, observation would be dependent part of this research and would help to discover how risk management department works by its employees, time constraint was the main reason why research couldnt spent more time in Serbia, observing the bank risk activities, because the company of case study is located in Serbia. Therefore, researcher used well organized interviews as the most appropriate way to collect valuable d ata according to the already mentioned limited circumstances. According to Lancaster (2005), interviews are defined as a main category of data collection techniques and appropriate way for collecting data through questioning effectively. This technique is crucial for getting the background of participants experiences. This method is adopted when researcher tends to fully understand the impressions, attitudes, feelings, motivations or experiences of someone to gain more knowledge through their answers on questionnaires. There are several types of interview used in research project to collect data divided in three categories: structured interviews, semi-structured interviews and unstructured interviews. Structured interviews means using specific questionnaires and this research method is usually used for quantitative surveys. The structured interviews involve the interviewer inability to change the structure of question by adding or removing some of its sequence. Conducted in formal way, respondents responses are recorded on a questionnaire standardized form during the interview process. As a result, the analysis of the structured interviews have quantitative nature. Semi-structured interviews is research instrument used to provide greater volume for discussion and knowledge about the problem, opinion and respondets view of particular subject. This approach is flexible in terms of changing some questions during the interviews process giving the researcher freedom to ask slightly similar question in order to cover list of already prepared themes. The questions can vary from one interview to another following the path of discussion with respondent. Thus the collected data can summarize both qualitative and quantitative information and have impact in exploratory study. Unstructured interviews are also called in-depth interviews. The unstructured interviews are conducted in informal manner as preliminary step in research in order to interviewer generates hypothesis about the nature of subject being investigated. Adopting this research instrument interviewer is aware of ability to gather the data necessary for research topic, matters and responses in some depth. Those interviews are guided by predefined list of thesis and they are not controlled by specific questions. The main purpose of choosing in-depth interviews lies in interviewers need to find out what people think and way how they react to issues. The respondent is encouraged to reveal and to talk about everything that he/she thinks on issues of interest to the researcher. The interviewer is taking note (or tape-recording) for all highlights that would greatly contribute to the research Following the phenomenology approach and exploratory research design, the researcher decided to use semi-structured interviews with managers of Societe Generale Bank in Serbia as a method to collect qualitative data about risk management in Societe Generale Bank and its implication in bank activities as well as the result it is achieved. This method is used by research in order to reader meet expansive response from the interviewees, but at the same time to provide comparation between theory and practice considering risk management in banking sector as issues. Also this method is less formal choice and better way to catch the point of view of the managers by getting inside information in relation to the research topic. In addition, secondary data such as company records about financial report of previous year, press release with relevance to the topic was collected for consideration as well. Policies of the company for the internal and external control of risk were analyzed keeping the management of Societe Generale as the focus of research. 4.6 Interview guide As it was mentioned in the previous paragraph, the research was conducted by interviewing managers of Societe Generale Bank in Serbia in order to analyze the way they implemented risk management techniques within bank activities in credit department as well as to explore the achievement gained from applying this. Therefore, this section will provide the framework used by researcher to design the interview. According to Fisher (2004), the first step in designing the interview is to identify the main point of question and priorities them. This way of conducting the interview helps researcher to organize the question regarding to its importance to the research topic. It is important to make hierarchy from more important to less important questions which can be dismissed in terms of having insufficient time. Therefore, the researcher presented question summarized them in several topics as follows: Brief background of Bank Risk management concept The main purpose of undertaking an analysis of risk Techniques and methods of Societe Generale Bank in Serbia adopted in risk credit mitigation Effectiveness of credit risk management in Societe Generale Bank in todays economic climate Measurement credit risk Implementation and importance of Basel II accord in banking sector To accomplish the objectives, researcher realized the interviews with the managers on the topic given above. The researcher collected information regarding to risk management in credit department and the effectiveness of undertaking risk management analysis in the Bank. The analysis of the questions was realized from a set of interviews with the managers of the Societe Generale Bank and was conducted through the series of meeting. In each meeting a different subject concerning the credit risk management was verified. In total , five different meetings were completed discussing the risk management issue on the highlighted topic given in previous sequence. Having collected data from primary and secondary sources, the next stage was analysis of the records and the description of findings which will be presented in the following Chapter 5. 4.7 Data analysis The data collected in this research implied using the qualitative data and the researcher adopted three steps to analyze it. In the view of Saunders et. al. 2003, it is crucial to conduct data analysis in effective way in order to get response on the research question and achieve research objectives and aims. First step included analyzing the data , which was recorder by tape or taking a note during the interview process, by prioritizing the most valuable data for the discussed issues. After that, the researcher was able to unitize the data by implementing the quotation from the respondent which supported the key elements of the research topic. Final step the researcher used to analyze data though tables for the each categorized data giving the better understanding and impressionistic view of meaning the answers. Effective data analysis will enable reader to understand the way of using risk management techniques and tools in credit department of Societe Generale Bank in the main representative office in Serbia providing the logical conclusion on the research topic. Therefore, data analysis presented in the following Chapter will approach reader to critical, reflective and meaningful analysis between data and comprehensive research in order to be achieved the aims and objectives of this research. 4.8 Reliability and validity Reliability and validity are very important elements when researcher analyzes the data conducted through qualitative research. Consistency of the result is essential component when conducting the research topic. Marshall and Rossman (1999) quoted that qualitative data collected to accomplish aims and objectives of study are not open for any replication ( Saunders et al. 2003 ). Hence, qualitative researcher based on unstructured forms should reveal reality of the issue being investigated. Realibility and validity as part of data collecting are essential for analysis and creating key findings of study and reader will be able to meet trustworthy results of presented subject In this study, the researcher used the method of qualitative research in order to examine credit risk management and its applicability in todays economic climate. Leading its research to qualitative way, researcher was able to make comparison and contrast between literature and practice and give recommendation and suggestion for the subject examined. Thus , this study based on reliability and validity of qualitative data create a clear path for achieving researchers aims and objectives in very dynamic and complex way

Ethical Philosophies and the Hippocratic Physician :: Philosophy Medicine

Ethical Philosophies and the Hippocratic Physician Twenty four centuries ago, Hippocrates created the profession of medicine, for the first time in human history separating and refining the art of healing from primitive superstitions and religious rituals. His famous Oath forged medicine into what the Greeks called a technik, a craft requiring the entire person of the craftsman, an art that, according to Socrates in his dialogue Gorgias, involved virtue in the soul and spirit as well as the hands and brain. Yet Hippocrates made medicine more than a craft; he infused it with an intrinsic moral quality, creating a â€Å"union of medical skill and the integrity of the person [physician]† (Cameron, 2001). So, how do we who are aspire to be Hippocratic physicians achieve this goal? First we must look at the foundations for our personal ethical frameworks through meta-ethics. Meta-ethics refers to the systems by which we establish morals and ethical principles. Today there are many philosophies of meta-ethics, divided into two basic categories, moral absolutivism and moral relativism (Lawhead, 2000). The difference between these is in the nature of ethical principles, whether subjective or objective. Say something exists objectively, like a vase on a table. The subject’s perception of the vase must conform to the true vase. If, however, the subject is simply thinking about a vase, that vase exists subjectively, and its properties are contingent to the subject’s contemplations. So, how do these differing systems affect the physician in attaining the Hippocratic ideal? Let us first consider relativism. To the Moral Relativist, moral principles are created within cultures and communities, coming from cultural folkways and mores (Gerson Moreno-Riaà ±o, personal communication). These principles are normative only in the culture which created them. Already, the Hippocratic Oath loses its moral weight. For example, in the 1973 Roe v. Wade abortion, Justice Blackmun dismissed the centuries-long Hippocratic tradition as merely a â€Å"Pythagorean manifesto,† relegating it to minority status (Cameron, 2001). However, relativism does not end here. If moral principles are defined by cultures, how does one define a culture? If a social scientist were to dissect cultures into subcultures, and then divide those as well, he could logically continue making â€Å"cultural distinctions† until he comes to individuals as separate cultures. As a culture of one, each individual by relativism’s definition creates his own moral principles. This could be called ethical egoism (David Mills, personal communication). As logical conclusion extension of relativism, ethical egoism creates a world of moral lone rangers, with no one responsible to answer to any other.